Socio-Economic Aspects of Middle Class Identification: Criteria and Challenges

Abstract

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the formation of the middle class in Kazakhstan, the criteria used to define it, and its socio-economic significance. The study traces the historical evolution of the middle class concept, drawing on economic and sociological theories from antiquity to the present day. The authors argue that the middle class should not be defined solely by income level, but also by a combination of factors such as professional status, homeownership, savings, education, and cultural capital. The article examines the current situation in Kazakhstan, presenting statistical data on median wages, the minimum subsistence level, housing quality, savings rates, and educational attainment. It is noted that the middle class comprises only 10–15% of the population and remains unstable, highlighting the need for adjustments in economic policy. Drawing on international experience, the authors emphasize the importance of implementing systemic reforms to strengthen the middle class in Kazakhstan. These include ensuring labor market stability, improving financial literacy, expanding access to housing, and supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The article underscores that a strong middle class is essential for sustainable socio-economic development and national stability.