Exploring Optimal Models of International Branch Campuses: Identifying the Best Strategy for Kazakhstan

Abstract

Objective - to analyze existing models of international branch campuses (IBCs) and identify the most optimal formats for their implementation and sustainable functioning within the higher education system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methods - comparative analysis, institutional approach, content analysis of regulatory and strategic documents, and analysis of secondary statistical data from international organizations (C-BERT, OBHE, UNESCO). Results - the study is based on a comparative analysis of international experience in the operation of IBCs in the Middle East, Asia, and Europe. Key IBC models were identified, including wholly owned campuses, joint universities, franchise models, leased campuses, and hybrid formats. Factors determining their sustainability were established, such as ownership structure, autonomy level, governance mechanisms, and state support. An assessment of IBC development dynamics in Kazakhstan was conducted, and institutional barriers and prospects for expanding the branch campus network in the regions were identified. Conclusions - the authors conclude that joint and hybrid IBC models involving state participation and national universities are the most applicable for Kazakhstan. The study emphasizes the need to improve the regulatory framework, develop state support mechanisms, and integrate IBCs into the national higher education system as a tool for internationalization and human capital development.