Intergenerational Dynamics in Kazakhstan’s Labor Market: Comparative Analysis of Generations X, Y, and Z and Policy Implications for Human Capital Development

Abstract

The article is devoted to the analysis of intergenerational dynamics in Kazakhstan’s labor market, with a focus on Generations X, Y, and Z and their contribution to human capital development. Based on the data of the Bureau of National Statistics, a comparison was carried out across key indicators: labor force participation, employment structure, unemployment, entrepreneurial activity, education, digital literacy, mobility, and income. Generation Y (1981–1996) constitutes the core of the economy, accounting for 48.2% of the employed and demonstrating high mobility and entrepreneurial activity. Generation X (1965–1980) retains a significant share (31.5% of the employed), but faces challenges of limited digital adaptation. Generation Z (1997–2012) makes up 19.2% of the labor force, with almost half of its representatives outside employment due to ongoing education; however, their strong digital skills and entrepreneurial aspirations create significant growth potential.

The analysis revealed the following effects: intergenerational inequality in income and employment, the risk of structural mismatches between education and labor market demand, and the existence of a “growth reserve” among youth, provided there are targeted policies. Policy implications for Kazakhstan include flexible adaptation: digital reskilling programs for Generation X, support for innovative and entrepreneurial potential of Generation Y, and the development of professional competencies in Generation Z. The findings emphasize the importance of an intergenerational approach as a foundation for a long-term human capital development strategy and economic diversification.